FASTING
First Word
I have certainly read about folks fasting in the
Bible, but I personally have not experience it.
In fact I don’t think I have ever missed a meal
and it’s not that I’m FAT, I’m just a foot short.
Since FOOD is my FRIEND, I’m not sure I really want to know what God has
to say.
Wikipedia
- Fasting is an act of willing abstention from
all food, drink, or both, for a period of time.
- An absolute
fast is
normally defined as abstinence from all food and liquid for a
defined period, usually a single day (24 hours), but it could be for several
days.
- Partial
fast
– A weaker form may be partially restrictive, limiting particular foods; wine,
meat and dainty foods or substances. The fast may also be intermittent in nature.
- SEX -
Fasting practices may preclude sexual intercourse as well as other
activities.
- Health - Fasting has been recommended as
therapy for various conditions by health professionals of most cultures,
throughout history, from ancient to modern.
Customs and Traditions
- Types - There were two
kinds of fasting; public and private; both accompanied with
prayer. Public fast were periodically
proclaimed lasting one day from sunrise to sunset accompanied with various
types of offerings. – Private fast were observed as an act of
penance
- The Mishna; Yoma 8:1 - On the Day of Atonement, it is forbidden to eat,
drink, bathe or wear sandals, anoint with oil or have sex.
- Mortification of
the flesh in its simplest
form can mean merely denying oneself certain pleasures, such as
permanently or temporarily abstaining from alcoholic beverages, sexual
relations, or any area of life that makes the person's spiritual
life more difficult or burdensome. It can also be practiced by choosing a
simple or even impoverished lifestyle; this is often one reason many monks of various religions take
vows of poverty.
- Tearing
of clothes
was common among the Canaanites, Romans as well as the Hebrews. It was a natural expression of
anguish similar to biting of the nails or the primitive action of
pulling out of one’s hair. – Joel calls for the rending of our hearts, not our garments.
- Sack Cloth - Originally a garment or undergarment made of coarse cloth or animal hair (a hair shirt) worn close to the
skin. It was used to induce discomfort or pain as a sign of repentance and
atonement.
- Throwing
of Dust
– is a reminder that from dust we came and to dust we will go.
Joel 2:13-14 – Rend your
heart not your garment
13 Rend your heart and not your garments.
Return to the LORD your God, for he is gracious and compassionate,
slow to anger an abounding in love, and he relents from sending
calamity.
14 Who knows? He may turn and have pity and leave
behind a blessing- NIV
Traditional Fasting Days
- The only required fast by Moses was
the “Day of Atonement” although
there were many other traditional special occasion fasts; most of
which had fallen into disuse by the time of Christ, but were revived at
the destruction of
- The term “Fasting” is
synonymous with the term “afflicting
one’s soul” in scripture.
- 17th of Trammuz (Jun-July) Breaking
through the walls of
- 9th of Ab (July-August) Destruction
of the
- 3rd of Tishri (Sept- Oct) Fast of Gedaliah
- 10th of Tishri (Sept- Oct) Day of Atonement – aka; “The day of Fasting”
- 10th of Tebeth (Dec-Jan) Beginning of the siege on
- 13th of Adar (Feb- March) Fast of Ester.
Not a fast
- There
are some things that do not constitute a fast – Only religious
exercise.
- You make an occasion
for a parade of piety – You abuse the fasting ritual.
- You make your voice
loud to attract God’s attention – You put on a show for men to see you
with a soiled face and a sad countenance and sit on a sack cloth with
ashes.
- You bow your head
like a reed to impress others.
- You do pleasures as
you please and do not humble yourself before God.
- You exploit those
around you - You have contentions, quarrels with strife and fighting.
v At some point the
Israelites fasted through superstition that it added value to their life
even though it was NOT accompanied with purity and righteous living. – Some came to think that fasting would automatically
get them to “hear from God”.
v Refusing to eat when under heavy emotions
such as jealousy, anger or vexation has NOTHING to do with
religious fasting as noted in the life of Saul with his visit to the Witch of
Endor; Jonathan mad at the supper table; Hannah vexed by Peninnah; and Ahab
pouting because he didn’t get his way.
Isa 58:3-5 – Is this what you
call a fast?
3 Why have we fasted,' they say, and you have not
seen it? Why have we humbled ourselves, and you have not noticed?' "Yet
on the day of your fasting, you do as you please and exploit all your
workers.
4 Your fasting ends in quarreling and strife,
and in striking each other with wicked fists. You cannot fast as you do
today and expect your voice to be heard on high.
5 Is this the kind of fast I have chosen, only a
day for a man to humble himself? Is it only for bowing one's head like a reed and
for lying on sackcloth and ashes? Is that what you call a fast, a day
acceptable to the LORD? NIV
1 Sam 28:20 – Saul fasted and
went to the witch of Condor
20 Immediately Saul fell full length on the
ground, filled with fear because of Samuel's words. His strength was gone, for he
had eaten nothing all that day and night. NIV
1 Sam 20:34 – Jonathan was angry and would not eat
34 Jonathan got up from the table in fierce anger;
on that second day of the month he did not eat, because he was grieved at his
father's shameful treatment of David. NIV
1 Sam 1:7 – Hanna was
vexed by Peninnah and would not eat
Whenever Hannah went up to the house of the LORD,
her rival provoked her till she wept and would not eat. NIV
1 Kings 21:4 Ahab didn’t
get his way and wouldn’t eat
Ahab came into his house heavy and displeased because
of the word which Naboth the Jezreelite had spoken to him: for he had said, I
will not give thee the inheritance of my fathers. And he laid him down upon his
bed, and turned away his face, and would eat no bread.
KJV
Call to Fast
- Fasting was practiced
to show humility, sorrow and a dependence upon God.
- All believers are
expected to fast although the scriptures do not specify how long or how
often, but it does provide examples as a whole that suggest it’s a
personal decision.
- During fasting and
prayer, the Holy Spirit will speak to our spirit
- We should fast and
pray to hear from God during
times of drought; war or the threat of it; Impending danger and
calamities, anxiousness and distress. – Fast for our own personal penance
of sin - Also to commemorate
God’s intervention during calamities in our life.
Acts 27:9- Fast in time of
danger and anxiousness
9 Much time had been lost, and sailing had already
become dangerous because by now it was after the Fast. NIV
Acts 13:2-3 – The Holy
Spirit speaks during fasting
2 While they were worshiping the Lord and fasting,
the Holy Spirit said, "Set apart for me Barnabas and Saul for the
work to which I have called them."
3 So after they had fasted and prayed, they
placed their hands on them and sent them off. NIV
Reasons to Fast
- Apocrypha
–
Pss Sol 3:8 - Fasting makes
atonement for “Sins committed in Ignorance.
4 Ezra 6:31 – Ezra fasted in preparation for receiving visions
- NT done
as a sign
of remembrance of God’s provisions and watch care; other
times it’s done because of sincere penance, grief, distress or even
impending destruction.
- Fasting
is done in “PREPARATION” to Hear from God- Cornelius was
fasting when he received a vision about Peter from God – Daniel
was fasting when the Angel Gabriel appeared. – Moses was
fasting when God wrote the Ten Commandments in stone.
- The
Isaiah List
is some of the things that constitute a true fast – Fasting becomes Bread.
- Bread is sharing your food
with the hungry. – Bread is
providing shelter for the poor – Bread
is providing clothes for those in need – Bread is opening your eyes to see the need of those in your
own extended family – Bread is
living an unselfish life. - Man shall not live by Bread alone, but by every word of God.
- Isaiah says to fast to loose the
chains of injustice – To undo heavy burdens – To fast to get free from
oppression - To break every yoke
Isa 58:6-7 - Reasons to
Fast
6 "Is not this the kind of fasting
I have chosen: to loose the chains of injustice and untie the cords
of the yoke, to set the oppressed free and break every yoke?
7 Is it not to share your food with the
hungry and to provide the poor wanderer with shelter--when you see the
naked, to clothe him, and not to turn away from your own flesh and blood?
Acts 10:30-31 – Cornelius
heard from God while fasting.
30 And Cornelius said, Four days ago I was
fasting until this hour; and at the ninth hour I prayed in my house, and,
behold, a man stood before me in bright clothing,
31 And said, Cornelius, thy prayer is heard,
and thine alms are had in remembrance in the sight of God. KJV
Dan 9:3-21 – Daniel fasted
and the angel Gabriel came to him
3 So I turned to the Lord God and pleaded with him
in prayer and petition, in fasting, and in sackcloth and ashes.
21 while I was still in prayer, Gabriel,
the man I had seen in the earlier vision, came to me in swift flight
about the time of the evening sacrifice. NIV
Ex 34:28 – Moses fasted
and God wrote the Ten Commandments
28 Moses was there with the LORD forty days and
forty nights without eating bread or drinking water. And he wrote on
the tablets the words of the covenant--the Ten Commandments. NIV
Luke 4:4 - Man shall not
live by Bread alone
4 And Jesus answered him, saying, It is written,
That man shall not live by bread alone, but by every word of God. KJV
Where & How
- Find
a quiet place in your home where you can be alone with God without
distractions. – Pray and prostrate your self before Him.
- Don’t
babble
saying rote meaningless words over and over in prayer.
- Sing
praises to God – Both in tongues and with the understanding.
- Listen to “easy listing” Christian music as you study
and pray.
- Study
the God breathed scriptures – Pray that the Holy Spirit will unpack the scriptures
and illuminate your life and let you hear from God.
2 Sam 12:16 -17 – Find a place in your home – prostrate yourself
16 David pleaded with God for the child. He
fasted and went into his house and spent the nights lying on the
ground.
17 The elders of his household stood beside him to
get him up from the ground, but he refused, and he would not eat any food
with them.
Matt 6:5-6 – Go to your
room – Close the door
5 "And when you pray, do not be like the
hypocrites, for they love to pray standing in the synagogues and on the street
corners to be seen by men. I tell you the truth; they have received their
reward in full. 6 But when you pray, go into your room, close the
door and pray to your Father, who is unseen. Then your Father, who
sees what is done in secret, will reward you.
Matt 6:7– Don’t use vain
repetition of words.
7 And when you pray, do not keep on babbling
like pagans, for they think they will be heard because of their many words.
NIV
2 Tim 2:15 – Study the scriptures – hear from God
15 Study to show yourself approved unto
God, a workman that needs not to be ashamed, rightly dividing the word
of truth. KJV
Matt 22:29 – You error because you do not know the scriptures
29 Jesus replied, "You are in error because
you do not know the Scriptures or the power of God - NIV
Luke 24:45 – The Holy
Spirit will open your understanding
45 Then he opened their minds so they could
understand the Scriptures. NIV
Acts 17:11 – Examine the scriptures every day
11 Now the Bereans were of more noble character
than the Thessalonians, for they received the message with great eagerness and examined
the Scriptures every day to see if what Paul said was true. NIV
Acts 18:28 – Scripture
proves that Jesus is the Christ
28 For he vigorously refuted the Jews in public
debate, proving from the Scriptures that Jesus was the Christ. NIV
Rom 15:4 – Scripture was
written to encourage and give hope
4 For everything that was written in the past was
written to teach us, so that through endurance and the encouragement of
the Scriptures we might have hope.
NIV
2 Tim 3:15-17 – ALL Scripture
is God breathed
15 How from infancy you have known the Holy
Scriptures, which are able to make you wise for salvation through faith in
Christ Jesus.
16 All Scripture is God-breathed and is useful
for teaching, rebuking, correcting and training in righteousness,
17 so that the man of God may be thoroughly
equipped for every good work. NIV
Ps 108:1 – Make music with
your spirit
1 My heart is steadfast, O God; I will sing and
make music with all my soul. NIV
Eph 5:19-20 – Make music
in your heart
19 Sing and make music in your heart to the
Lord,
20 always giving thanks to God the Father
for everything, in the name of our Lord Jesus Christ.
NIV
1 Chron 16:9-10 – Sing of
His wonderful acts.
9 Sing to him, sing praise to him; tell of
all his wonderful acts.
10 Glory in his holy name; let the hearts of those
who seek the LORD rejoice. NIV
Ps 30:11-12 – Let not your
heart be silent - Sing
11 You turned my wailing into dancing; you removed
my sackcloth and clothed me with joy,
12 that my heart may sing to you and not be
silent. O LORD my God, I will give you thanks forever. NIV
Col 3:16 - Sing psalms,
hymns and spiritual songs
16 Sing psalms, hymns and spiritual songs
with gratitude in your hearts to God. NIV
1 Cor 14:15 – Sing in the tongues and in the understanding
15 I will pray with my spirit, but I will also
pray with my mind; I will sing with my spirit, but I will also sing
with my mind. NIV
SEX
- We should also fast
or refrain from the pleasure of SEX so as to devote our bodies to prayer; but not too long lest Satan
get a foothold in our life.
1 Cor 7:5 – Fast from sex
to devote yourself to prayer
5 Do not deprive each other except by
mutual consent and for a time, so that you may devote yourselves to prayer.
Then come together again so that Satan will not tempt you because of your lack
of self-control. NIV
How Long
- The custom was that
the Jews fasted on Monday and Thursday and the Christians fasted on
Wednesday and Friday. Without boring you with all the scriptures, this is
a quick Look at how long folks fasted.
A Fast was from sunrise to sunset.
- One
day
–
- Three
Days
– Ester, Mordecai, Paul and “Many Others”
- Seven
Days,
David and
- Fourteen
Days
- Paul and 276 men on a ship
- Twenty
One Days
– Daniel – would not even use lotions on his body.
- Forty
Days
– Moses, Joshua, Elijah and Jesus
- Others never left the
temple worshiping, praying and fasting night and day.
- Some missed the whole
point of fasting and just did it so they could appear righteous.
Luke 18:11-12 One Pharisee
fasted twice a week
12 I fast twice a week and give a tenth of
all I get. 'NIV
Est 4:15 -16 - Do not eat or drink for three days, night or day
15 Then Esther sent this reply to Mordecai:
16 "Go, gather together all the Jews who are
in Susa
Luke 2:37 – She prayed and fasted night and day
37 And then was a widow until she was eighty-four.
She never left the temple but worshiped night and day, fasting and praying.
NIV
Acts 27:33-34 – Fourteen
days of fasting and suspense
33 Just before dawn Paul urged them all to eat.
"For the last fourteen days," he said, "you have been in
constant suspense and have gone without food-you haven't eaten anything.
34 Now I urge you to take some food. You need it
to survive. NIV
Dan 10:2-3 – Twenty one
days fast – No lotions on his body
2 At that time I, Daniel, mourned for three weeks.
3 I ate no choice food; no meat or wine
touched my lips; and I used no lotions at all until the three weeks were
over. NIV
Jesus Fasted
- Let’s take a look at
the temptations of Christ in the wilderness. It was just after Jesus had fasted for
forty days and was hungry and weak, that Satan began his ploy.
- We see Jesus quoting
scripture to Satan at each temptation that was presented.
- Jesus had food that
Satan knew nothing about. - He had fed His Spirit with the WORD.
- John the Baptist
taught his disciples to fast and to fast often.
Matt 4:1-11 – Jesus
digested the Word of God
1 Then Jesus was led up by the Spirit into the
wilderness to be tempted by the devil.
2 And when He had fasted forty days and forty
nights, afterward He was hungry.
3 Now when the tempter came to Him, he said,
"If You are the Son of God, command that these stones become bread."
4 But He answered and said, "It is written, 'Man shall not live by
bread alone, but by every word that proceeds from the mouth of God.
5 Then the devil took Him up into the holy city,
set Him on the pinnacle of the temple, and said to Him,
6 "If You are the Son of God, throw Yourself
down. For it is written: 'He shall give
His angels charge over you,' and, 'In their hands they shall bear you up, Lest
you dash your foot against a stone.' "
7 Jesus said to him, "It is written again, 'You shall not tempt the LORD your God.'
"
8 Again, the devil took Him up on an exceedingly
high mountain, and showed Him all the kingdoms of the world and their glory.
9 And he said to Him, "All these things I
will give You if You will fall down and worship me."
10 Then Jesus said to him, "Away with you,
Satan! For it is written, 'You
shall worship the LORD your God, and Him only you shall serve.'
John 4:31 -32 – I have food to eat that you know nothing about
31 Meanwhile his disciples urged him, "Rabbi,
eat something."
32 But he said to them, "I have food to
eat that you know nothing about." NIV
Mark 2:18 – John taught his disciples to fast.
18 Now John's disciples and the Pharisees were
fasting. Some people came and asked Jesus, "How is it that John's
disciples and the disciples of the Pharisees are fasting, but yours
are not?" NIV
Luke 5:33 – John’s disciples fasted OFTEN.
33 They said to him, "John's disciples
often fast and pray, and so do the disciples of the Pharisees, NIV
Faith
- You would probably
wonder why I would bring “Faith” into a discussion on Fasting. – My mind
goes quickly to the story of the young man that the Disciples were trying
to cast a demon out of. – Jesus had a sharp rebuke concerning their FAITH.
- Jesus said that the
demon would not come out except by fasting and prayer. The subject
in verse 21 is not the demon, but FAITH – Faith needs Prayer – Prayer
needs Fasting - Fasting gives power to your faith.
- LISTEN – The thing that
caused the fall of man was
- It chastens your soul. – It subdues your
appetite giving more attention to prayer.
- Webster:
Chasten –
To punish in order to correct or make better – To refrain from excess; to
subdue – To make purer in style; to refine.
- Many of the modern
day “Great Men of Faith” prayed with fasting.
- Fasting and humbling
yourself before God brings answers from God and is the cure for
unbelief.
Matt 17:19-21 – Faith
Power comes from prayer and fasting.
19 Then the disciples came to Jesus privately and
said, "Why could we not cast him out?"
20 So Jesus said to them, "Because of your
unbelief; for assuredly, I say to you, if you have FAITH as a
mustard seed, you will say to this mountain, 'Move from here to there,' and it
will move; and nothing will be impossible for you.
21 However, this kind (of faith) does not go out except by prayer and fasting."
NKJV
Ps 35:13 – Fasting humbles
the spirit
13 But as for me, when they were sick, My clothing
was sackcloth;
I humbled myself with fasting; And my prayer
would return to my own heart. NKJV
Ps 69:10 – Chastens your
soul
10 When I wept, and chastened my soul with
fasting, that was to my reproach. KJV
2 Sam 12:21 -23 – Fasting demonstrates earnestness before God
21 Then his servants said to him, "What is
this that you have done? You fasted and wept for the child while he was
alive, but when the child died, you arose and ate food."
22 And he said, "While the child was alive, I
fasted and wept; for I said, 'Who can tell whether the LORD will be
gracious to me, that the child may live?'
23 "But now he is dead; why should I fast?
Can I bring him back?
NIV
Ezra 8:21 -23 – Fast and humble yourself before God for answers
21 There, by the Ahava Canal
22 I was ashamed to ask the king for soldiers and
horsemen to protect us from enemies on the road, because we had told the king,
"The gracious hand of our God is on everyone who looks to him, but his
great anger is against all who forsake him." So we fasted
23 and petitioned our God about this, and he
answered our prayer.
Benefits of Fasting
- IF with compassion you
spend yourself on behalf of the hungry and oppressed – and you are prepared to be instant to help
whether it’s convenient or not and
- IF you quit pointing
fingers at others and stop boasting and recognize your own faults, and
- IF you do away with
your malicious talk and speaking idle words and
- IF you keep the Sabbath
day Holy, honorable and a delight to God – not doing your own thing.
- THEN – When you call upon
God, He will answer you – He will strengthen your body – You will receive
healing – You will have perfect health like a well watered garden. – The
Glory of God will be your guard -
He will be your guide and satisfy your needs.
- THEN - During trials your
own light will break forth in wisdom like the dawn – You will ride
on the heights of the land and feast on your inheritance from God.
- THEN - You will delight yourself in the Lord. - You will find joy in the Lord - You will
be called “The Repairer” – “The Restorer” – The mouth of the LORD has spoken it.
Isa 58:8-14 – Benefits of
Fasting
8 Then your light will break forth like the
dawn, and your healing will quickly appear; then your righteousness
will go before you, and the glory of the LORD will be your rear guard.
9 Then you will call, and the LORD will answer;
you will cry for help, and he will say: Here am I.
"If
you do away with the yoke of oppression, with the pointing finger and
malicious talk,
10 and if
you spend yourselves in behalf of the hungry and satisfy the needs of
the oppressed, then your light will rise in the darkness, and your night
will become like the noonday.
11 The LORD will guide you always; he will satisfy
your needs in a sun-scorched land and will strengthen your frame. You
will be like a well-watered garden, like a spring whose waters never fail.
12 Your people will rebuild the ancient ruins and
will raise up the age-old foundations; you will be called Repairer of
Broken Walls, Restorer of Streets with Dwellings.
13 "If
you keep your feet from breaking the Sabbath and from doing as you
please on my holy day, if you call the Sabbath a delight and the LORD's holy
day honorable, and if you honor it by not going your own way and
not doing as you please or speaking idle words,
14 then you will find your joy in the LORD,
and I will cause you to ride on the heights of the land and to feast
on the inheritance of your father Jacob." The mouth of the LORD has
spoken. NIV
2 Tim 4:2 Be instant
whether it’s convenient or not.
2 Preach the Word; be prepared in season and
out of season; correct, rebuke and encourage-with great patience and
careful instruction. NIV
Kings, Presidents and Leaders
- Kings, Presidents and
leaders should as an example, let their people know that they are
humbling themselves before Almighty God calling a fast; earnestly desiring
to hear from Him. – Going without food, wine and entertainment.
- Tearing of clothes was a tradition from
old to demonstrate their mourning.
- Sackcloth was very rough,
uncomfortable and irritating reminding the wearer of his mourning. – It
was symbolic of “crucifying the desires of the flesh”.
- The tearing of
clothes and wearing sackcloth is all but passed away along with its
symbolism.
1 Kings 21:27-29 – King
Ahab humbled himself before his people
27 When Ahab heard these words, he tore his
clothes, put on sackcloth and fasted. He lay in sackcloth and
went around meekly.
28 Then the word of the LORD came to Elijah the
Tishbite:
29 "Have you noticed how Ahab has humbled
himself before me? Because he has humbled himself, I will not bring this
disaster in his day, but I will bring it on his house in the days of his
son." NIV
Dan 6:18 – The King went without food or entertainment
Then the king returned to his palace and spent the
night without eating and without any entertainment being brought
to him. And he could not sleep. NIV
Est 4:1-3 – Mourned loudly
and bitterly before the people
1 When Mordecai learned of all that had been done,
he tore his clothes, put on sackcloth and ashes, and went out
into the city, wailing loudly and bitterly.
2 But he went only as far as the king's gate,
because no one clothed in sackcloth was allowed to enter it.
3 In every province to which the edict and order
of the king came, there was great mourning among the Jews, with fasting,
weeping and wailing. Many lay in sackcloth and ashes. NIV
NT Believers
- When I gave my first
pint of blood, they gave me a sticker to put on and I placed it where
everyone could see it. They put
florescent
- Fasting is not necessarily
done just at home.
- You can fast and go
to work on your job. – Your body will remind you of why you are fasting, and
as you can, you can be in prayer throughout the day as well as sing
praises in your heart.
- Fasting is a private
matter
between you and God. Brush your teeth
and take a bath, smell good, dress like you normally would, and be happy; you are not to appear in
mourning.
Matt 6:16 -18 – Don’t let it be obvious you are fasting.
16 "When you fast, do not look somber
as the hypocrites do, for they disfigure their faces to show men they are
fasting. I tell you the truth; they have received their reward in full.
17 But when you fast, put oil on your head and wash
your face,
18 so that it will not be obvious to men
that you are fasting, but only to your Father, who is unseen; and your Father,
who sees what is done in secret, will reward you. NIV
Faith needs Prayer –
Prayer needs Fasting - Fasting gives power to your faith.
The mouth of the LORD has
spoken it.
Isa 58:14
Off the
subject but;
I just have a need to say it
As a youngster, I was awestruck with the Movie “The Wizard of Oz”. I was enthralled with
the Yellow
Brick Road leading to the awesome world of the Wonderful Wizard of
Oz.
I came out of the movie very quiet. - I had discovered that at the end of the Yellow Brick Road
was just a man behind a curtain pushing buttons
and pulling leavers.
The world of the Yellow Brick Road was just an illusion.
I think of the lyrics of a song by Elton John.
“I’ve finally decided my
future lies
BEYOND the Yellow Brick Road
- SELAH -
In the multitude of counselors,
there is wisdom.
Prov 11:14
I am grateful for those that went before me providing concepts, ideas, historical information, and scripture verses. Because of them I can stand on their shoulders and see further than I otherwise ever could have.
All the Women of the Bible – Edith Deen
American Standard Version Bible - ASV
Annotated
Reference Bible – Dake
Antiquity of the Jews – Josephus
Bible Almanac; The - Nelson
Customs and Folkways of Jewish Life – Theodor H. Gaster
Google Internet
Harper’s Bible Dictionary – Harper & Row
How to Save your Marriage Alone – Ed Wheat
Illustrated Bible Dictionary – Nelson’s
Illustrated Bible Dictionary; The - Tyindale
King James Version Bible – KJV
Landmark Baptist; The – Brian Willis
New International Version Bible – NIV
New International Dictionary of the Bible; The – Douglas - Tenney
This Momentary Marriage – John Piper
Victor Journey through the Bible; The – V. Gilbert Beers
Who’ Who in the Bible – Paul D. Gardner
Wikipedia
Zondervan Pictorial Encyclopedia of the Bible; The
- Tenny
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