HANUKKAH &
YOM KIPPUR
FEASTS & FESTIVALS
Trumpets
– Atonement - Rosh Hashanah - Passover – Pentecost –
Purim – Booths – Jubilee
First
Word
·
Feast and Festivals commemorated an
historical event in the life of Israel or marked the beginning or ending of an
agricultural year. – The poor, orphaned, widowed and the traveler were welcomed
to MOST of the feast.
·
The Law of Moses established seven festivals
of enjoyment and times of rest from work.
·
Three Great Pilgrimage Festivals - Passover –
Pentecost – Tabernacles/Booths
·
Two High Holy Days
– Yom Kippur/Day of Atonement – Rosh Hashanah/Trumpets
·
Two Days of Rest
– Weekly Sabbath – Monthly New Moon Sabbath
·
Festivals and feast Added Later
– Hanukkah - Purim
·
An addition Festival
- Jubilee occurred every 50 years, a time when all Hebrew debt was
forgiven and all Hebrew slaves freed and the land returned to its original
tribe and owner.
Jewish
Calendar
·
The Jewish months and their different
spellings are based on Babylonian influence. – Note their new year starts in
April and is based on their agricultural growing seasons.- Planting
-
·
I list these because of the confusion that comes
with the different dates listed in the different books of the Bible as well as the
different commentaries. – Example; Abib
& Nisan are both the 1st month in the New Year.
·
Ecclesiastical New Year refers to early
Christianity; starts the 1st month – Nisan - April.
·
Civil New Year refers to the agricultural
practices; starts the 7th month - Tishri – October.
·
Leap years have 13 months… There
is a Metonic cycle of 19 years. – Twelve are common years and seven are leap
years. – The 12th month (March)
becomes Adar 1 and the 13th month is added and becomes
Adar 2 -- I
INCLUDE ALL THIS TO DRIVE YOU ABSOLUTELY CRAZY…
·
To further complicate it, these months fall between
our months; for example, Nisan
the 1st month would be between March & April – Iyar
the 2nd month would be between April & May.
·
Ecclesiastical Year (religious year)
1.
April – Nisan – Nisanu - Abib
2.
May – Iyar – Iyyar – Ayaru - Ziv
3.
June – Sivan – Siwan - Simanu
4.
July – Tammuz – Tamuz – Dumuzu - Dumuzi
5.
August – Ab - Abu – Av
6.
September – Elul – Ululu
7.
October – Tishri – Tishrei – Tashrtu –
Ethanim
8.
November – Marchesvan – Marheswan –
Martheshvan – Cheshvan – Arakhsamna - Bul
9.
December – Kislev – Kislew - Kislimu – Chisleu
– Chislev
10.
January – Tebeth - Tebetu – Tevet
11.
February – Shebet – Shebat - Shevat – Sebat –
Shbat – Shabatu
12.
March – Adar – Adaru
·
If you are serious about dates… Hang on to this
chart - It’s not found anywhere else.
THREE GREAT
PILGRIMAGE FESTIVALS
#1
- Feast of Passover
·
Passover (Pesach)
is a spring festival associated with barley – Observed on the evening of the 14th
day of Nisan or Abib (April)
the first month. – It was on this
evening that Israel left Egypt. - The meaning of the word Passover is primarily
“to pass over” - a suspension of justice - withholding punishment – to spare – DRIVE YOU CRAZY NOTE; they called the first
month of the religious year Abib, but after their exile they called it Nisan.
·
The Seder (service)
began the first night at sundown with the main feast recalling the last meal
the Jews ate in Egypt; remembering their captivity and liberation.
·
Four Questions were to be asked by the
youngest child present.
1.
Why is the night of the
Passover different from all other nights of the year?
2.
Why do we use unleavened
bread? – NYOBS 05.11 -
LORDS SUPPER
3.
Why bitter herbs and the
dipping of vegetables? –
NYOBS 25.19 – PASSOVER FOOD
4.
Why the cushions at the
host chair? –
NYOBS 32.17 – PASSOVER
·
The Host responds by reciting the history of
Israel’s passage from bondage to freedom.
·
This is the First of the three great
Festival pilgrimages for Israel to remember its past and renew their faith in
God. – Every male was expected to observe the three pilgrimage feast. The first
and last day were kept as Sabbaths or holy convocations where no work
was performed and the people came together and offered sacrifices.
·
The feast of Unleavened Bread
occurred on the 15th day as part of Passover closely intertwining
and forming a double festival for SEVEN more days and all bread that was consumed
was unleavened.
·
As the life of the blood was drained from the
sacrificial animal so the life of the leaven was removed from the bread. – The disposition of leaven symbolizes the casting
out of insincerity.
·
The feast originated in the home,
but was later transferred to the Temple. – Neither the hired servant nor the
uncircumcised male could partake of the meal, but could observe it on the
corresponding day of the second month.
·
The feast was instituted by God
commemorating the historic deliverance of Israel and their flight from Egypt –
This is when the death angel passed over the Israelites killing all the
first born of Egypt. – Because of the haste of being ready to leave, the
Hebrews made their bread without leaven with no time to wait for it to rise. –
Eventually the two celebrations were merged into one.
·
In the New Testament, Jesus attended
Passover at the age of twelve and at the age of thirty three He was crucified
during the Feast of Passover festival. – His blood being the ultimate sacrifice
to redeem us from the power of sin and death. – Peter’s imprisonment and
deliverance was also at this same season.
Exodus 12:13 – The blood is a sign; I will pass
over the blood
13 The blood shall be a sign for you, on the houses where you are. And when I see the blood, I will pass over you, and no plague will befall you to destroy you, when I strike the land of Egypt.
13 The blood shall be a sign for you, on the houses where you are. And when I see the blood, I will pass over you, and no plague will befall you to destroy you, when I strike the land of Egypt.
(ESV)
Leviticus 23:6 – Feast of Unleavened Bread
6 On the next day, the fifteenth day of the month, you must begin celebrating the Festival of Unleavened Bread. This festival to the LORD continues for seven days, and during that time the bread you eat must be made without yeast. (NLT)
6 On the next day, the fifteenth day of the month, you must begin celebrating the Festival of Unleavened Bread. This festival to the LORD continues for seven days, and during that time the bread you eat must be made without yeast. (NLT)
Luke 2:41-42 – Jesus observed Passover at the age
of twelve
41 Now his parents went to Jerusalem every year at the Feast of the Passover.
42 And when he was twelve years old, they went up according to custom.
41 Now his parents went to Jerusalem every year at the Feast of the Passover.
42 And when he was twelve years old, they went up according to custom.
(ESV)
Colossians 1:20 – Christ’s blood on the cross
reconciled us
20 and through him God reconciled everything to himself. He made peace with everything in heaven and on earth by means of Christ’s blood on the cross.
20 and through him God reconciled everything to himself. He made peace with everything in heaven and on earth by means of Christ’s blood on the cross.
(NLT)
Acts 12:3 – Peter arrested during Feast of
Unleavened Bread
3 and when he saw that it pleased the Jews, he proceeded to arrest Peter also. This was during the days of Unleavened Bread. (ESV)
3 and when he saw that it pleased the Jews, he proceeded to arrest Peter also. This was during the days of Unleavened Bread. (ESV)
1 Corinthians 5:7 – Dispose the leaven of
insincerity – New Lump
7 Cleanse out the old leaven that you may be a new lump, as you really are unleavened. For Christ, our Passover lamb, has been sacrificed. (ESV)
7 Cleanse out the old leaven that you may be a new lump, as you really are unleavened. For Christ, our Passover lamb, has been sacrificed. (ESV)
#2
- Feast of Pentecost
·
Pentecost is a spring festival
also, celebrating the wheat grain harvest and follows Passover on the 6th
day of the month of Sivan (June).
– This is a one day festival observed as a Sabbath in the tabernacle; this
gathering marked the end of the harvest and the beginning of the seasonal
offering of first fruits.
·
Feast of First Fruits – Feast of Harvest
- Feast of Weeks are the other names it was known by – Originally
it was an agricultural festival, but later became associated with the
religious history of Israel and was transformed into the observance of the giving
of the Torah on Mount Sinai 50 days after the Death Angel passed over them
in Egypt with their departure and arrival at Mount Sinai.
·
Pent means 50
– The feast name comes from the fact that this festival occurs early in the
third month; 50 days after the offering of the barley sheaves at the feast
of unleavened bread on the first Sabbath of Passover. - It is counted from the second day of the
feast.
·
It is regarded as the Second of the three
obligatory observances, and falls between Passover and Tabernacles. - The
community was expected to come together to show their gratitude toward God with
their first fruits of the early harvest.
·
This Holy Convocation offering included the first
fruits of their produce and the waving of two loves of leavened bread. –
The feast lasted only a single day and marked the completion of the Wheat
harvest and no one was allowed to work on this day.
·
Free will offerings were to be made; it was
a day of rejoicing with the family, the Levite, Widow, Orphan and the poor.
·
In the Apocrypha; the book of Jubilees
lists all the covenants of the OT in this feast. NYOBS 16.34 – THE ESSENES - DEAD SEA SCROLLS - (I encourage you to get
a copy of the Apocrypha to understand the thinking of the Israelites.)
·
In the New Testament; on the Day of
Pentecost, the Holy Spirit filled the followers of Jesus in an upper room and
they began to speak in languages that were not their own. – Numerous attending
this festival experience the outpouring of the Gifts of the Spirit –
·
Some Students believe that this gift
of the Spirit and the other gifts passed away with the early disciples, but
scripture says different; the gifts of God are irrevocable. - NYOBS
08.02 – TONGUES –
NYOBS 20.36 – THE HOLY SPIRIT -
Exodus 19:1 – Egypt Passover to Mount Sinai &
Torah; 50 days
1 On the third new moon after the people of Israel had gone out of the land of Egypt, on that day they came into the wilderness of Sinai. (ESV)
1 On the third new moon after the people of Israel had gone out of the land of Egypt, on that day they came into the wilderness of Sinai. (ESV)
Exodus 34:22 – Feast of Weeks
22 You shall observe the Feast
of Weeks, the first fruits of wheat harvest, and the Feast of
Ingathering at the year’s end.
(ESV)
Exodus 23:16 - Feast of
Harvest – Feast of Ingathering
16 You shall keep the Feast of Harvest, of the first fruits of your labor, of what you sow in the field. You shall keep the Feast of Ingathering at the end of the year, when you gather in from the field the fruit of your labor. (ESV)
16 You shall keep the Feast of Harvest, of the first fruits of your labor, of what you sow in the field. You shall keep the Feast of Ingathering at the end of the year, when you gather in from the field the fruit of your labor. (ESV)
Acts 2:1-4 – Day of Pentecost – Spoke in other
tongues
1 When the day of Pentecost came, they were all together in one place.
2 Suddenly a sound like the blowing of a violent wind came from heaven and filled the whole house where they were sitting.
3 They saw what seemed to be tongues of fire that separated and came to rest on each of them.
4 All of them were filled with the Holy Spirit and began to speak in other tongues as the Spirit enabled them.
1 When the day of Pentecost came, they were all together in one place.
2 Suddenly a sound like the blowing of a violent wind came from heaven and filled the whole house where they were sitting.
3 They saw what seemed to be tongues of fire that separated and came to rest on each of them.
4 All of them were filled with the Holy Spirit and began to speak in other tongues as the Spirit enabled them.
(NIV2011)
Numbers 28:26-31 – Feast of Weeks
26 On the day of the first fruits, when you offer a grain offering of new grain to the LORD at your Feast of Weeks, you shall have a holy convocation. You shall not do any ordinary work,
27 but offer a burnt offering, with a pleasing aroma to the LORD: two bulls from the herd, one ram, seven male lambs a year old;
28 also their grain offering of fine flour mixed with oil, three tenths of an ephah for each bull, two tenths for one ram,
29 a tenth for each of the seven lambs;
30 with one male goat, to make atonement for you.
31 Besides the regular burnt offering and its grain offering, you shall offer them and their drink offering. See that they are without blemish. (ESV)
26 On the day of the first fruits, when you offer a grain offering of new grain to the LORD at your Feast of Weeks, you shall have a holy convocation. You shall not do any ordinary work,
27 but offer a burnt offering, with a pleasing aroma to the LORD: two bulls from the herd, one ram, seven male lambs a year old;
28 also their grain offering of fine flour mixed with oil, three tenths of an ephah for each bull, two tenths for one ram,
29 a tenth for each of the seven lambs;
30 with one male goat, to make atonement for you.
31 Besides the regular burnt offering and its grain offering, you shall offer them and their drink offering. See that they are without blemish. (ESV)
Romans 11:29 - The gifts
and the calling of God are irrevocable
29 For the GIFTS and the calling of God are IRREVOCABLE. (NKJV)
29 For the GIFTS and the calling of God are IRREVOCABLE. (NKJV)
#3
- Feast of Tabernacles
·
Tabernacles is a Fall Harvest
Festival - It is also called the Feast of Booths or the Feast
of Ingathering. – This is the Third and last in the series of
the great Festival pilgrimages. - This festival commemorated the
wanderings of the Israelites while in the wilderness.
·
The festival requirement was that they
had to dwell in Arbors or Booths. - They would make a temporary tent or booth
as shelter out of interwoven Myrtle, Palm or Willow branches along with sticks
and fruits from the harvest as a commemoration and reminder of God’s protection
during their flight from Egypt and their meager accommodation while in the wilderness.
– After the Babylon captivity, the willow became an emblem of sorrow. - Many booths could be found all year on top of
their homes and shared with the sojourner.
·
The festival took place at the end of the harvest
season year in the month of Tishri (October)
15th through the 21nd, 5 days after the Day of
Atonement which ended Tishri 10th. – The first and eighth days
were holy convocations (Sabbaths)
with days of rest. – There was rejoicing with the Priest, family, servants,
widows, orphans as well as the traveler.
·
The Feast portion took place for
a period of seven days and was also a festival of thanksgiving to God
for The Ingathering from the threshing floor and the wine press.
·
The Solemn Assembly portion took place on
the eighth day the 22nd; the last day known as the Great
Day - All ceremonially clean and physically capable males were required to
go to the “Tabernacle” with their offerings. This marked the conclusion of the
Ecclesiastical year.
·
Every seven years they were required to
read publically the Law; the Torah to all the people during this festival.
·
Note: Later on, another day was added to
the festival known as Simhath Torah (Joy of the Law) just for the purpose of the JOY of
reading the Law publically.
·
In the Antiquity of the Jews;
Josephus calls it the greatest and holiest day of the Jewish feasts. - I encourage you to get a copy of the Antiquity
of the Jews by Josephus the Jewish Historian. - (He was born the year that Jesus was crucified.) - NYOBS 22.03 –
JOSEPHUS
·
In the New Testament; it was on THIS last
day of this feast that Jesus stood up and said, “If anyone thirsts,
let him come to me and drink”. – Some thought He was the Christ; the
Prophet that was to come, but there was a division among the people over
him. Some of them wanted to arrest him,
but oddly enough, no one laid hands on him.
Exodus 23:16 - Feast of
Ingathering
16 You shall keep the Feast of Harvest, of the first fruits of your labor, of what you sow in the field. You shall keep the Feast of Ingathering at the end of the year, when you gather in from the field the fruit of your labor. (ESV)
16 You shall keep the Feast of Harvest, of the first fruits of your labor, of what you sow in the field. You shall keep the Feast of Ingathering at the end of the year, when you gather in from the field the fruit of your labor. (ESV)
Numbers 29:35 – The Eighth Day – A Solemn Assembly
35 On the eighth day you shall have a solemn assembly. You shall not do any ordinary work, (ESV)
35 On the eighth day you shall have a solemn assembly. You shall not do any ordinary work, (ESV)
John 7:37-38 - If anyone
thirsts, let him come to me and drink
37On the LAST DAY of the feast, the great day, Jesus stood up and cried out, “If anyone thirsts, let him come to me and drink.
38 Whoever believes in me, as the Scripture has said, ‘Out of his heart will flow rivers of living water.’” (ESV)
37On the LAST DAY of the feast, the great day, Jesus stood up and cried out, “If anyone thirsts, let him come to me and drink.
38 Whoever believes in me, as the Scripture has said, ‘Out of his heart will flow rivers of living water.’” (ESV)
John 7:40-41– Can the Prophet; the Christ come
from Galilee?
40 When they heard these words, some of the people said, “This really is the Prophet.”
41 Others said, “This is the Christ.” But some said, “Is the Christ to come from Galilee? (ESV)
40 When they heard these words, some of the people said, “This really is the Prophet.”
41 Others said, “This is the Christ.” But some said, “Is the Christ to come from Galilee? (ESV)
John 7:43-44 – Division among them – Arrest Him
43 So there was a division among the people over him.
44 Some of them wanted to arrest him, but no one laid hands on him (ESV)
43 So there was a division among the people over him.
44 Some of them wanted to arrest him, but no one laid hands on him (ESV)
Numbers 29:12-40 – Offerings for the Feast of
Booths
12On the fifteenth day of the seventh month you shall have a holy convocation. You shall not do any ordinary work, and you shall keep a feast to the LORD seven days.
13 And you shall offer a burnt offering, a food offering, with a pleasing aroma to the LORD, thirteen bulls from the herd, two rams, fourteen male lambs a year old; they shall be without blemish;
14 and their grain offering of fine flour mixed with oil, three tenths of an ephah for each of the thirteen bulls, two tenths for each of the two rams,
15 and a tenth for each of the fourteen lambs;
16 also one male goat for a sin offering, besides the regular burnt offering, its grain offering and its drink offering.
17 On the SECOND DAY twelve bulls from the herd, two rams, fourteen male lambs a year old without blemish,
18 with the grain offering and the drink offerings for the bulls, for the rams, and for the lambs, in the prescribed quantities;
19 also one male goat for a sin offering, besides the regular burnt offering and its grain offering, and their drink offerings.
20 On the THIRD DAY eleven bulls, two rams, fourteen male lambs a year old without blemish,
21 with the grain offering and the drink offerings for the bulls, for the rams, and for the lambs, in the prescribed quantities;
22 also one male goat for a sin offering, besides the regular burnt offering and its grain offering and its drink offering.
23 On the FOURTH DAY ten bulls, two rams, fourteen male lambs a year old without blemish,
24 with the grain offering and the drink offerings for the bulls, for the rams, and for the lambs, in the prescribed quantities;
25 also one male goat for a sin offering, besides the regular burnt offering, its grain offering and its drink offering.
26 On the FIFTH DAY nine bulls, two rams, fourteen male lambs a year old without blemish,
27 with the grain offering and the drink offerings for the bulls, for the rams, and for the lambs, in the prescribed quantities;
28 also one male goat for a sin offering; besides the regular burnt offering and its grain offering and its drink offering.
29 On the SIXTH DAY eight bulls, two rams, fourteen male lambs a year old without blemish,
30 with the grain offering and the drink offerings for the bulls, for the rams, and for the lambs, in the prescribed quantities;
31 also one male goat for a sin offering; besides the regular burnt offering, its grain offering, and its drink offerings.
32 On the SEVENTH DAY seven bulls, two rams, fourteen male lambs a year old without blemish,
33 with the grain offering and the drink offerings for the bulls, for the rams, and for the lambs, in the prescribed quantities;
34 also one male goat for a sin offering; besides the regular burnt offering, its grain offering, and its drink offering.
35 On the EIGHTH DAY you shall have a solemn assembly. You shall not do any ordinary work,
36 but you shall offer a burnt offering, a food offering, with a pleasing aroma to the LORD: one bull, one ram, seven male lambs a year old without blemish,
12On the fifteenth day of the seventh month you shall have a holy convocation. You shall not do any ordinary work, and you shall keep a feast to the LORD seven days.
13 And you shall offer a burnt offering, a food offering, with a pleasing aroma to the LORD, thirteen bulls from the herd, two rams, fourteen male lambs a year old; they shall be without blemish;
14 and their grain offering of fine flour mixed with oil, three tenths of an ephah for each of the thirteen bulls, two tenths for each of the two rams,
15 and a tenth for each of the fourteen lambs;
16 also one male goat for a sin offering, besides the regular burnt offering, its grain offering and its drink offering.
17 On the SECOND DAY twelve bulls from the herd, two rams, fourteen male lambs a year old without blemish,
18 with the grain offering and the drink offerings for the bulls, for the rams, and for the lambs, in the prescribed quantities;
19 also one male goat for a sin offering, besides the regular burnt offering and its grain offering, and their drink offerings.
20 On the THIRD DAY eleven bulls, two rams, fourteen male lambs a year old without blemish,
21 with the grain offering and the drink offerings for the bulls, for the rams, and for the lambs, in the prescribed quantities;
22 also one male goat for a sin offering, besides the regular burnt offering and its grain offering and its drink offering.
23 On the FOURTH DAY ten bulls, two rams, fourteen male lambs a year old without blemish,
24 with the grain offering and the drink offerings for the bulls, for the rams, and for the lambs, in the prescribed quantities;
25 also one male goat for a sin offering, besides the regular burnt offering, its grain offering and its drink offering.
26 On the FIFTH DAY nine bulls, two rams, fourteen male lambs a year old without blemish,
27 with the grain offering and the drink offerings for the bulls, for the rams, and for the lambs, in the prescribed quantities;
28 also one male goat for a sin offering; besides the regular burnt offering and its grain offering and its drink offering.
29 On the SIXTH DAY eight bulls, two rams, fourteen male lambs a year old without blemish,
30 with the grain offering and the drink offerings for the bulls, for the rams, and for the lambs, in the prescribed quantities;
31 also one male goat for a sin offering; besides the regular burnt offering, its grain offering, and its drink offerings.
32 On the SEVENTH DAY seven bulls, two rams, fourteen male lambs a year old without blemish,
33 with the grain offering and the drink offerings for the bulls, for the rams, and for the lambs, in the prescribed quantities;
34 also one male goat for a sin offering; besides the regular burnt offering, its grain offering, and its drink offering.
35 On the EIGHTH DAY you shall have a solemn assembly. You shall not do any ordinary work,
36 but you shall offer a burnt offering, a food offering, with a pleasing aroma to the LORD: one bull, one ram, seven male lambs a year old without blemish,
37 and the grain offering and
the drink offerings for the bull, for the ram, and for the lambs, in the
prescribed quantities;
38 also one male goat for a sin offering; besides the regular burnt offering and its grain offering and its drink offering.
40 So Moses told the people of Israel everything just as the LORD had commanded Moses. (ESV)
38 also one male goat for a sin offering; besides the regular burnt offering and its grain offering and its drink offering.
40 So Moses told the people of Israel everything just as the LORD had commanded Moses. (ESV)
Deuteronomy 31:10-11 - Feast of Booths – 7 Years;
Read Torah
10 And Moses commanded them, “At the end of every seven years, at the set time in the year of release, at the Feast of Booths,
11 when all Israel comes to appear before the LORD your God at the place that he will choose, you shall read this law before all Israel in their hearing. (ESV)
10 And Moses commanded them, “At the end of every seven years, at the set time in the year of release, at the Feast of Booths,
11 when all Israel comes to appear before the LORD your God at the place that he will choose, you shall read this law before all Israel in their hearing. (ESV)
Psalm 137:1-2 - Wept by the Willow trees – Emblem
of Sorrow
1 By the waters of Babylon, there we sat down and wept, when we remembered Zion.
2 On the willows there we hung up our lyres. (ESV)
1 By the waters of Babylon, there we sat down and wept, when we remembered Zion.
2 On the willows there we hung up our lyres. (ESV)
Two High Holy
Days
#1
- Feast of Trumpets
·
New Moon Festivals were a MONTHLY
Sabbath of rest, with special sacrifices and the blowing of trumpets.
·
Seventh Month Festival - The
first day of the SEVENTH new moon Tishri (October) 1st and 2nd was set aside as
the Feast of Trumpets, the foremost of the new-moon celebrations;
this began the Civil New Year for the Jews.
·
Trumpets were blown from morning
to evening. It was observed as a solemn
day of rest, ceasing from hard labor, beginning with the sounding of the Shofar (a hollowed-out ram's horn). It was accompanied
with special memorials, sacrifices, general rejoicing and the reading of the
Law in public.
·
Some students believe that the origin
of the blowing of the Seventh Month Trumpets were to counteract the influence
of the Babylonian New Year Festival which occurred at the same time
while they were in Babylonian captivity.
·
Later in history “Trumpets” became associated with Rosh
Hashanah, the Jewish New Year that is celebrated in the fall. – It’s
the first of the High Holy Days - "Rosh" is the Hebrew word for head, "ha" is the
definite article, and "shanah" means year; thus "Rosh Hashanah" means 'head [of] the year',
referring to the Jewish New Year’s
Day.
·
Rosh Hashanah is a two-day celebration, which begins on the
first day of Tishrei (October)
which is the first month of the Jewish CIVIL YEAR, but is the seventh month of
the ECCLESIASTICAL YEAR. – (Don’t even try to wrap you head around this –
See my chart.)
·
The custom of eating
symbolic foods such as apples dipped in honey were to evoke a "sweet new
year".
Numbers 29:1-6 – Feast of Trumpets – Holy
Convocation
1 On the first day of the seventh month you shall have a holy convocation. You shall not do any ordinary work. It is a day for you to blow the trumpets,
2 and you shall offer a burnt offering, for a pleasing aroma to the LORD: one bull from the herd, one ram, seven male lambs a year old without blemish;
3 also their grain offering of fine flour mixed with oil, three tenths of an ephah for the bull, two tenths for the ram,
4 and one tenth for each of the seven lambs;
5 with one male goat for a sin offering, to make atonement for you;
6 besides the burnt offering of the new moon, and its grain offering, and the regular burnt offering and its grain offering, and their drink offering, according to the rule for them, for a pleasing aroma, a food offering to the LORD. (ESV)
1 On the first day of the seventh month you shall have a holy convocation. You shall not do any ordinary work. It is a day for you to blow the trumpets,
2 and you shall offer a burnt offering, for a pleasing aroma to the LORD: one bull from the herd, one ram, seven male lambs a year old without blemish;
3 also their grain offering of fine flour mixed with oil, three tenths of an ephah for the bull, two tenths for the ram,
4 and one tenth for each of the seven lambs;
5 with one male goat for a sin offering, to make atonement for you;
6 besides the burnt offering of the new moon, and its grain offering, and the regular burnt offering and its grain offering, and their drink offering, according to the rule for them, for a pleasing aroma, a food offering to the LORD. (ESV)
#2
- Day of Atonement
·
The Day of Atonement was also known
as Yom Kippur and is the Holiest day of the year. There
was no FEASTING because for approximately 25 hours, they were to FAST and REST.
– This is the only Law of Moses that required everyone to fast - It
included careful cleaning of the Tabernacle, cleansing of the High Priest and of
oneself; fasting and attending a holy gathering and ceasing all activities of
work.
·
It was observed once a year on the 10th
of Tishri, the seventh month (October),
ten days after the Fall New Year to atone for their sins. An offering of Incense was made by the High Priest
in the Holy of Holies. – This was the only time of the year that the Priest
entered into the Holy of Holies.
·
Two goats were selected; one was sacrificed and with
the other; the sins of the people were symbolically placed on the “Scapegoat”
which was released and then driven into the wilderness bearing their sins.
·
Atonement Means “to cover over”
– This same word was use by Moses to cover over the ark inside and out with tar
or pitch so that you could not see the wood. – The blood of Jesus covers over inside
and out the sin of the Christian; out of the sight of Almighty God.
Leviticus 23:27-32 - The Day of Atonement
27 Howbeit on the tenth day of this seventh month is the Day of Atonement: it shall be a holy convocation unto you, and ye shall afflict your souls; and ye shall offer an offering made by fire unto Jehovah.
28 And ye shall do no manner of work in that same day; for it is a day of atonement, to make atonement for you before Jehovah your God.
29 For whatsoever soul it be that shall not be afflicted in that same day; he shall be cut off from his people.
30 And whatsoever soul it be that doeth any manner of work in that same day, that soul will I destroy from among his people.
31 Ye shall do no manner of work: it is a statute forever throughout your generations in all your dwellings.
32 It shall be unto you a Sabbath of solemn rest, and ye shall afflict your souls: in the ninth day of the month at even, from even unto even, shall ye keep your Sabbath. (ASV)
27 Howbeit on the tenth day of this seventh month is the Day of Atonement: it shall be a holy convocation unto you, and ye shall afflict your souls; and ye shall offer an offering made by fire unto Jehovah.
28 And ye shall do no manner of work in that same day; for it is a day of atonement, to make atonement for you before Jehovah your God.
29 For whatsoever soul it be that shall not be afflicted in that same day; he shall be cut off from his people.
30 And whatsoever soul it be that doeth any manner of work in that same day, that soul will I destroy from among his people.
31 Ye shall do no manner of work: it is a statute forever throughout your generations in all your dwellings.
32 It shall be unto you a Sabbath of solemn rest, and ye shall afflict your souls: in the ninth day of the month at even, from even unto even, shall ye keep your Sabbath. (ASV)
Numbers 29:7-11 - Offerings for the Day of
Atonement
7 On the tenth day of this seventh month you shall have a holy convocation and afflict yourselves. You shall do no work,
8 but you shall offer a burnt offering to the LORD, a pleasing aroma: one bull from the herd, one ram, seven male lambs a year old: see that they are without blemish.
9 And their grain offering shall be of fine flour mixed with oil, three tenths of an ephah for the bull, two tenths for the one ram,
10 a tenth for each of the seven lambs:
11 also one male goat for a sin offering, besides the sin offering of atonement.
7 On the tenth day of this seventh month you shall have a holy convocation and afflict yourselves. You shall do no work,
8 but you shall offer a burnt offering to the LORD, a pleasing aroma: one bull from the herd, one ram, seven male lambs a year old: see that they are without blemish.
9 And their grain offering shall be of fine flour mixed with oil, three tenths of an ephah for the bull, two tenths for the one ram,
10 a tenth for each of the seven lambs:
11 also one male goat for a sin offering, besides the sin offering of atonement.
Leviticus 16:9-10 – Scapegoat – Sin atonement -
Wilderness
9 Aaron shall bring the goat whose lot falls to the LORD and sacrifice it for a sin offering.
10 But the goat chosen by lot as the scapegoat shall be presented alive before the LORD to be used for making atonement by sending it into the wilderness as a scapegoat. (NIV2011)
9 Aaron shall bring the goat whose lot falls to the LORD and sacrifice it for a sin offering.
10 But the goat chosen by lot as the scapegoat shall be presented alive before the LORD to be used for making atonement by sending it into the wilderness as a scapegoat. (NIV2011)
Two Festivals Added
Later
#1
- Festival of Dedication – Hanukkah
·
Dedication is also called Festival
of Lights or Hanukkah – The festival was instituted on
the 25th day of the 9th month of Kislev (December) as a day of Remembering and Thanksgiving by Judas
Maccabeus.
·
On Kislev (December) 25th 167B.C
the temple was polluted with pagan sacrifices by Antiochus Epiphanes IV, king
of Syria; he forbid the Jews to engage in sacrifices, rites, feast and worship
of any kind.
·
On Kislev (December) 25th 164B.C,
three years later to the day, the rag tag devout followers of Jehovah who desired
the “freedom of Worship” formed ”The Maccabean Revolt, a battle of
the few against the greater forces of the Seleucid army; obtained victory and
forced the repeal of the ordinances against the free worship in Israel.
·
Israel recovered and cleansed the sanctuary and brought
forth a new altar which was then dedicated. – Children were told of the brave
stores of The Maccabees in order to stir in them the desire to emulate
them.
·
This became an eight days festival celebrating the cleansing
and rededication of the Temple after its desecration by the Greeks three years
earlier. – If it were not for the Maccabees, the monotheistic faith of the
One God of the Jewish people might have perished. – SELAH -
·
You can learn more about the Maccabees by reading
about them in the Greek Apocrypha; the 1st and 2nd book
of Maccabees. – These books were left out of the canonized Bible because they
were never a part of the Hebrew Bible and have not been found in
any Hebrew form.
·
Hanukkah is the only Jewish
festival that is not ordained or mentioned in the Hebrew Bible. Interestingly,
Christians celebrate CHRISTMAS, the birth of Jesus Christ on the same day as
the Jews celebrate the “Freedom of Worship” of the one True God Jehovah;
neither of which is commanded to be celebrated.
·
According to the Talmud, the Jews found a lamp in
the Temple with a one-day supply of oil, but it stayed miraculously lit for the
eight days of the festival. – The
relighting of the candelabras took on the name Festival of Lights.
– Each day one additional candle is lighted until a total of eight candles is
reached. - They sang the “Hallel Psalms”; which is a very,
very lengthy Psalm. - Psalms 113:1
·
NOTE: Some students think, and I understand why, that
Hanukah was considered a second celebration of the eight days of the
Feast of Tabernacles.
·
The Great Historian Josephus
calls The Festival of Lights the Freedom Of Their Worship
·
The Apocrypha tells the story of Judas Maccabeus carrying on the war on behalf of Israel.
·
In the New Testament - This was also
the Festival when THE JEWS asked Jesus to plainly tell them if He was the
Messiah or not. - He answered them with
a similitude about how Sheep know their Master voice and obviously they were
not His sheep; but He did go to say, “The Father and I are One.”
John 10:22 – Hanukkah – 25th – Festival
of Dedication
22 It was now winter, and Jesus was in Jerusalem at the time of Hanukkah, the Festival of Dedication. (NLT)
22 It was now winter, and Jesus was in Jerusalem at the time of Hanukkah, the Festival of Dedication. (NLT)
John 10:23-30 – Tell us Plainly – Are you the
Messiah?
23 Jesus was walking in the
temple complex in Solomon’s Colonnade.
24 then the Jews surrounded Him and asked, “How long are You going to keep us in suspense? If You are the Messiah, tell us plainly.”
25 I did tell you and you don’t believe,” Jesus answered them. “The works that I do in My Father’s name testify about Me.
26 But you don’t believe because YOU ARE NOT MY SHEEP.
27 My sheep hear My voice, I know them, and they follow Me.
28 I give them eternal life, and they will never perish—ever! No one will snatch them out of My hand.
29 My Father, who has given them to Me, is greater than all. No one is able to snatch them out of the Father’s hand.
30 THE FATHER AND I ARE ONE.” (HCSB)
24 then the Jews surrounded Him and asked, “How long are You going to keep us in suspense? If You are the Messiah, tell us plainly.”
25 I did tell you and you don’t believe,” Jesus answered them. “The works that I do in My Father’s name testify about Me.
26 But you don’t believe because YOU ARE NOT MY SHEEP.
27 My sheep hear My voice, I know them, and they follow Me.
28 I give them eternal life, and they will never perish—ever! No one will snatch them out of My hand.
29 My Father, who has given them to Me, is greater than all. No one is able to snatch them out of the Father’s hand.
30 THE FATHER AND I ARE ONE.” (HCSB)
The Apocrypha
1 Maccabees 1:59 - Dreadful
desecration on the Altar – 25th
59 On the 25th of the month they
offered sacrifice upon the altar which was set up on the altar of burnt
offering.
1 Maccabees 3:2 - Revolt –
Judas Maccabeus
2 Then his son Judas, who was called Maccabeus,
arose in his stead and all his brothers and all who had stood by his father
helped him, and with gladness carried on Israel’s war.
1 Maccabees 4:52 - Offered
sacrifices on the New Alter – 25th
52 And they arose on the 25th day
of the ninth month that is the month of Chislev (December), in the one-hundred and
forty-eighth year, and offered sacrifices according to the law upon the NEW
altar of burnt offering which they had made.
The Works of Flavius Josephus
Antiquities 12:7:7 – Festival
of Lights – Freedom of Worship
7 Now Judas (Maccabees) celebrated the festival
of the restoration of the sacrifices of the temple for eight days, and
omitted no sort of pleasures thereon; but he feasted them upon very rich and
splendid sacrifices; and he honored God, and delighted them by hymns and
psalms. Nay, they were so very glad at the revival of their customs, when,
after a long time of intermission, they unexpectedly had regained the FREEDOM
OF THEIR WORSHIP, that they made it a law for their posterity, that they
should keep a festival, on account of the restoration of their temple
worship, for eight days. And from that time to this we celebrate
this festival, and call it LIGHTS. I suppose the reason was, because
this liberty beyond our hopes appeared to us; and that thence was the name
given to that festival. Judas also rebuilt the walls round about the city, and
reared towers of great height against the incursions of enemies, and set guards
therein.
#2
- Festival of Purim
·
Purim comes from the book of Ester in the
Bible – Queen Ester, the king’s Jewish wife, along with her cousin Mordecai,
foiled the plot to kill all the Jews by the evil schemer named Haman who cast “Purim”
(lots)
to determine what day to carry out his evil plot of annihilation and
extermination of the Jews. – This festival came with Joy and Feasting commemorating
the remarkable deliverance from the evil Haman.
·
It was the reversal of fortune
for the Jews who were under an edict of death by the Anti-Semitic state. - With
the help of Ester and Mordechai, the Jews were given the authority to fight for
themselves and their lives were spared.
·
Purim is happily celebrated
on the 14th day of Adar (March) for the un-walled villages and 15th day
of Adar for the fortified villages; this is the Last month of the Ecclesiastical
religious year. – As in other festivals, the rich were called on for charity
giving to the poor.
·
The reading in the Synagogue of the “Megillah”
which is “The Scroll of Ester” took place. When Haman’s name is read from the
scroll, the people shouted “Let his name be blotted out” and “The
name of the wicked shall rot”. – Then the NAMES of the sons of Haman
are all read out in one breath to signify that they were all hanged at one
time. – The rest of the day was filled with merrymaking, gift exchanges and
food.
·
From the Apocrypha, in the 2nd
book of Maccabees this festival is referred to as “MORDECAI’S DAY”
Esther 9:20-22– Purim - Jews saved from their enemies
20 And Mordecai … obliging them to keep the fourteenth day of the month Adar and also the fifteenth day of the same, year by year,
22 as the days on which the Jews got relief from their enemies, and as the month that had been turned for them from sorrow into gladness and from mourning into a holiday; that they should make them days of feasting and gladness, days for sending gifts of food to one another and gifts to the poor.
20 And Mordecai … obliging them to keep the fourteenth day of the month Adar and also the fifteenth day of the same, year by year,
22 as the days on which the Jews got relief from their enemies, and as the month that had been turned for them from sorrow into gladness and from mourning into a holiday; that they should make them days of feasting and gladness, days for sending gifts of food to one another and gifts to the poor.
(ESV)
Esther 9:26– Purim named after Pur (casting lots)
26 Therefore they called
these days Purim, after the term Pur.
(ESV)
Esther 9:28– Purim - Keep throughout every generation
28 that these days should be remembered
and kept throughout every generation, in every clan, province, and city,
and that these days of Purim should never fall into disuse among the Jews, nor
should the commemoration of these days cease among their descendants.
(ESV)
Apocrypha
2nd Maccabees 15:36 – Mordecai’s Day
36 And he hung
Nicanor’s head from the citadel, a clear and conspicuous proof to all of
the Lord’s help. And that all decreed by
popular vote of the people never to let this day go by without observing it,
but to celebrate the thirteenth day of the twelfth month which is called Adar
in Aramaic – The day before MORDECAI’S DAY.
Three Days of
Rest
#1
- Sabbath 7th Day -
·
There were two reasons taught for the observance
of the Sabbath.
1.
The Sabbath was a day set aside by
God for rest because He rested on the seventh day after creating the world. –
Sabbath began at sundown on Friday when families would gather for a special
meal; the observance would continue through Saturday till sundown. – The
sacrifice meal would include a burnt offering of lamb, a grain offering, and
a drink offering.
·
Saturday morning they would go to the synagogue for
a solemn assembly; then the rest of the day was spent reading God’s Word, resting,
and eating; it was a day of joy.
·
Sabbath - The Aramaic word
means to cease; desist – The idea was not that of relaxation or refreshment,
but that of the complete cessation of activity from sunset to sunset.
–The Sabbath was not to be PROFANED in any way with work. - The Talmud has 39
main categories of work that was to be avoided.- (As a child, the Baptist church I
attended would not allow me to go to a movie or to go swimming on Sunday; NO
ACTIVITY)
2.
The Exodus Remembered - Israel was
reminded that when they were in bondage in Egypt THERE WAS NO REST. – This
Sabbath rest included all their family, servants, foreigners and livestock. – There
is no express mention of the Sabbath before the Exodus. – The Exodus passage
fixes the origin of the Sabbath in the bondage of Israel, thus the
Sabbath was made for man, not man for the Sabbath. – It’s a sign between
Jehovah and Israel.
Genesis 2:2-3 - God rested
on the seventh day
2 And on the seventh day God finished his work that he had done, and he rested on the seventh day from all his work that he had done.
3 So God blessed the seventh day and made it holy, because on it God rested from all his work that he had done in creation.
2 And on the seventh day God finished his work that he had done, and he rested on the seventh day from all his work that he had done.
3 So God blessed the seventh day and made it holy, because on it God rested from all his work that he had done in creation.
(ESV)
Exodus 20:8-11 – No one is to work anymore on the
Sabbath
8 Remember to observe the Sabbath day by keeping it holy.
9 You have six days each week for your ordinary work,
10 but the seventh day is a Sabbath day of rest dedicated to the LORD your God. On that day no one in your household may do any work. This includes you, your sons and daughters, your male and female servants, your LIVESTOCK, and any foreigners living among you.
11 For in six days the LORD made the heavens, the earth, the sea, and everything in them; but on the seventh day he rested. That is why the LORD blessed the Sabbath day and set it apart as holy. (NLT)
8 Remember to observe the Sabbath day by keeping it holy.
9 You have six days each week for your ordinary work,
10 but the seventh day is a Sabbath day of rest dedicated to the LORD your God. On that day no one in your household may do any work. This includes you, your sons and daughters, your male and female servants, your LIVESTOCK, and any foreigners living among you.
11 For in six days the LORD made the heavens, the earth, the sea, and everything in them; but on the seventh day he rested. That is why the LORD blessed the Sabbath day and set it apart as holy. (NLT)
Mark 2:27 -Sabbath made for man, not man for the Sabbath
27 And he said to them, “The Sabbath was made for man, not man for the Sabbath.
27 And he said to them, “The Sabbath was made for man, not man for the Sabbath.
(ESV)
Numbers 28:9-10 – Sabbath - Burnt offering lamb,
meal & drink
9 “On the Sabbath day, two male lambs a year old without blemish, and two tenths of an ephah of fine flour for a grain offering, mixed with oil, and its drink offering:
10 this is the burnt offering of every Sabbath, besides the regular burnt offering and its drink offering.
9 “On the Sabbath day, two male lambs a year old without blemish, and two tenths of an ephah of fine flour for a grain offering, mixed with oil, and its drink offering:
10 this is the burnt offering of every Sabbath, besides the regular burnt offering and its drink offering.
(ESV)
#2
- Sabbatical 7th Year
·
The law provided for the land to remain
unplanted every seventh year allowing the land a needed time of rest. –
Whatever remained in the field was left for the poor. – Debts were to be
canceled allowing people to have a fresh start.
·
The purpose was: RENEWAL of land, HOPE with the
cancelation of debts and LIFE with a fresh start.
Exodus 23:10-11 – Let the land rest in the seventh
year
10 For six years you shall sow your land and gather in its yield,
11 but the seventh year you shall let it rest and lie fallow, that the poor of your people may eat; and what they leave the beasts of the field may eat. You shall do likewise with your vineyard, and with your olive orchard. (ESV)
10 For six years you shall sow your land and gather in its yield,
11 but the seventh year you shall let it rest and lie fallow, that the poor of your people may eat; and what they leave the beasts of the field may eat. You shall do likewise with your vineyard, and with your olive orchard. (ESV)
Leviticus 25:2-7 – NO sow, reap, prune – Share what
comes up
3 For six years you shall sow your field, and for six years you shall prune your vineyard and gather in its fruits,
4 but in the seventh year there shall be a Sabbath of solemn rest for the land, a Sabbath to the LORD. You shall not sow your field or prune your vineyard.
5 You shall not reap what grows of itself in your harvest, or gather the grapes of your undressed vine. It shall be a year of solemn rest for the land.
6 THE SABBATH OF THE LAND shall provide food for you, for yourself and for your male and female slaves and for your hired worker and the sojourner who lives with you,
7 and for your cattle and for the wild animals that are in your land: all its yield shall be for food.
3 For six years you shall sow your field, and for six years you shall prune your vineyard and gather in its fruits,
4 but in the seventh year there shall be a Sabbath of solemn rest for the land, a Sabbath to the LORD. You shall not sow your field or prune your vineyard.
5 You shall not reap what grows of itself in your harvest, or gather the grapes of your undressed vine. It shall be a year of solemn rest for the land.
6 THE SABBATH OF THE LAND shall provide food for you, for yourself and for your male and female slaves and for your hired worker and the sojourner who lives with you,
7 and for your cattle and for the wild animals that are in your land: all its yield shall be for food.
(ESV)
Deuteronomy 15:1-3 - End of Seven Years release
the debts.
1 At the end of every seven years you shall grant a release.
2 And this is the manner of the release: every creditor shall release what he has lent to his neighbor. He shall not exact it of his neighbor, his brother, because the LORD’s release has been proclaimed.
3 Of a foreigner you may exact it, but whatever of yours is with your brother your hand shall release. (ESV)
1 At the end of every seven years you shall grant a release.
2 And this is the manner of the release: every creditor shall release what he has lent to his neighbor. He shall not exact it of his neighbor, his brother, because the LORD’s release has been proclaimed.
3 Of a foreigner you may exact it, but whatever of yours is with your brother your hand shall release. (ESV)
#3 - Jubilee 50th Year
·
A Jubilee year occurred after seven
sabbatical years (7X7=49)
which would be the 50th year.
·
It was also a Sabbatical year for the land
allowing this to make two years in a row for the land to remain fallow
and any indebted land would revert to its original owner.
·
There was a price adjustment in sales in view of the
approach of the Jubilee year.
·
Any Hebrew who had sold themselves into
service would be released to freedom.
·
Note: We certainly know about the
Jubilee year, but scripture does not report that the sabbatical year or the
Jubilee years were actually observed, but were grudgingly withheld.
Leviticus 25:8-12 – 50 years - Year of Jubilee
8 You shall count seven weeks of years, seven
times seven years, so that the time of the seven weeks of years
shall give you forty-nine years.
9Then you shall sound the loud trumpet on the tenth day of the seventh month. On the Day of Atonement you shall sound the trumpet throughout all your land.
10And you shall consecrate the fiftieth year, and proclaim liberty throughout the land to all its inhabitants. It shall be a jubilee for you, when each of you shall return to his property and each of you shall return to his clan.
11That fiftieth year shall be a jubilee for you; in it you shall neither sow nor reap what grows of itself nor gather the grapes from the undressed vines.
12For it is a jubilee. It shall be holy to you. You may eat the produce of the field. (ESV)
9Then you shall sound the loud trumpet on the tenth day of the seventh month. On the Day of Atonement you shall sound the trumpet throughout all your land.
10And you shall consecrate the fiftieth year, and proclaim liberty throughout the land to all its inhabitants. It shall be a jubilee for you, when each of you shall return to his property and each of you shall return to his clan.
11That fiftieth year shall be a jubilee for you; in it you shall neither sow nor reap what grows of itself nor gather the grapes from the undressed vines.
12For it is a jubilee. It shall be holy to you. You may eat the produce of the field. (ESV)
Jeremiah 34:9-11 - Changed their minds & took back slaves
9 everyone was to free their Hebrew slaves, both male and female; no one was to hold a fellow Hebrew in bondage.
10 So all the officials and people who entered into this covenant agreed that they would free their male and female slaves and no longer hold them in bondage. They agreed, and set them free.
11 But afterward they CHANGED THEIR MINDS and took back the slaves they had freed and enslaved them again. (NIV2011)
9 everyone was to free their Hebrew slaves, both male and female; no one was to hold a fellow Hebrew in bondage.
10 So all the officials and people who entered into this covenant agreed that they would free their male and female slaves and no longer hold them in bondage. They agreed, and set them free.
11 But afterward they CHANGED THEIR MINDS and took back the slaves they had freed and enslaved them again. (NIV2011)
The feast were an
acknowledgment that the seasons were the work
of the one God YAHWEH and were given for the
benefit of man.
It acknowledged God as
the provider with unbounded love towards
the chosen people of Israel;
the beneficiary of His Divine favor.
The sacrifices offered
hope of forgiveness and reconciliation to God.
It’s an acknowledgement
of sin and a devotion to God’s laws.
It’s a mixture of sorrow
for sin and Joy of the Lord.
As Christian Gentiles we
have been grafted into the Jewish Vine.
“I was excited when they
said, let’s go to Church”.
Psalm 122:1 – I was glad to go into the House of
the Lord
1 I was glad when they said, “Let us go to the house of the LORD!”
1 I was glad when they said, “Let us go to the house of the LORD!”
Romans 11:17 – The Christian has Jewish Roots
17 But if some of the branches were broken off, and YOU, being a wild olive, was GRAFTED in among them, and did become partaker with them of the root of the fatness of the olive tree; (ASV)
17 But if some of the branches were broken off, and YOU, being a wild olive, was GRAFTED in among them, and did become partaker with them of the root of the fatness of the olive tree; (ASV)
LIFE IS CHOICE DRIVEN
THE CHOICES YOU MAKE TODAY
HAVE ETERNAL CONSEQUENCES
In the
multitude of counselors,
there is wisdom.
Proverbs 11:14
I am grateful to those that went before me
providing concepts, ideas, historical information, and scripture verses. Because of them I can stand on their
shoulders and see further that I otherwise ever could have.
A
commentary; Critical, Experimental and Practical - Eerdmans
All the
Parables of the Bible – Herbert Lockyer
All the
Promises of the Bible - Herbert Lockyer
An
Expository Dictionary of Biblical Words - W.E.
Vine
Antiquity of
the Jews – Flavius Josephus
Apocrypha – Edgar J. Goodspeed
Bible
Almanac; The – Packer Tenney White
Expositors
Bible Commentary: The – Frank E.
Gaebelein
Exposition
of the Parables – Benjamin Keach
Fascinating
Bible Facts – Publications International
Harper's
Bible Dictionary – Harper & Row
Illustrated
Bible Dictionary – Nelson’s
Illustrated
Bible Dictionary; The – Tyndale
New
International Dictionary of the Bible: The
- Douglas – Tenney
Thru the
Bible Series – J. Vernon McGee
Victor
Journey through the Bible; The – V.
Gilbert Beers
Zondervan Pictorial Encyclopedia of the Bible -
Tenney
No comments:
Post a Comment